{"id":225755,"date":"2026-06-26T16:57:01","date_gmt":"2026-06-26T14:57:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microbiome-center.nl\/aandoeningen\/ms-parkinsons-alzheimers\/"},"modified":"2026-06-30T21:35:28","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T19:35:28","slug":"ms-parkinsons-alzheimers","status":"publish","type":"aandoeningen","link":"https:\/\/microbiome-center.nl\/en\/aandoeningen\/ms-parkinsons-alzheimers\/","title":{"rendered":"MS, Parkinson&#8217;s, Alzheimer&#8217;s"},"content":{"rendered":"<style id=\"divi-off-canvas-hide-on-load\">\n[data-interaction-target=\"zwocqpy6qf\"] { display: none !important; }\n<\/style>\n<div class=\"et_pb_section_0 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_flex_section preset--module--divi-section--default\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_row_0 et_pb_row et_flex_row\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_0 et_pb_column et-last-child et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et_flex_column_24_24 et_flex_column_24_24_tablet et_flex_column_24_24_phone\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_heading_0 et_pb_heading et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_heading_container\"><h1 class=\"et_pb_module_header\"><span style=\"white-space: normal; padding-bottom: 10px; font-size: 30px; background-image: none; color: rgb(46, 38, 69); line-height: 1em; font-family:  \" titillium=\"\" web=\"\" helvetica=\"\" arial=\"\" lucida=\"\" sans-serif=\"\" rgb=\"\" caret-color:=\"\"><strong style=\"font-size: 30px; background-image: none;\">MS, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's<\/strong><\/span><\/h1><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_0 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><span data-metadata=\"<!--(figmeta)eyJmaWxlS2V5IjoiN2RYaVBJUWFIeFVVYUdZVllKZTdpNSIsInBhc3RlSUQiOjY3NjY2NTU1MSwiZGF0YVR5cGUiOiJzY2VuZSIsImVudmlyb25tZW50Ijoid3d3LmZpZ21hLmNvbSIsInNlbGVjdGVkTm9kZURhdGEiOiIzNTA3OjQzNjF8MzF8MCJ9Cg==(\/figmeta)-->\" style=\"caret-color: #000000; color: #000000;\"><\/span>Impression of the publications on the relevance of the microbiome<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_section_1 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_flex_section preset--module--divi-section--default\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_row_1 et_pb_row et_grid_row\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_1 et_pb_column et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Neurological disorders often have an inflammatory aspect, and here too, relationships with an altered microbiome are not uncommon. This may seem unlikely, but the intestines are very rich in nerves and have two-way communication with the brain. Evidence that the microbiome can bring about a direct modulation of the central nervous system, and vice versa, is piling up. Evidence of its relationship with the microbiome has been found in:   <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_2 et_pb_column et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_heading_1 et_pb_heading et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_heading_container\"><h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Multiple sclerosis (MS)<\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_2 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>In MS patients, abnormalities have been found in the blood concentrations of substances of bacterial origin, which are known to affect neuroinflammation (1). Differences in the composition of the microbiome have also been found in MS patients, with the most notable difference being a lower number of bacteria from species that can dampen autoimmune responses (2-4). With modern techniques, traces of bacteria are now also found in organs that were previously considered sterile. An intriguing study compared bacteria in the brains of deceased MS patients with those in the brains of other deceased individuals and found notable differences there as well, with a strong correlation between the numbers of bacteria found and the disease-related immune response (5). Initial studies on the impact of probiotics in MS patients show shifts in the microbiome toward that of healthy individuals, cautious indications of a decrease in autoimmune activity, and reductions in disability and mental health problems (6-8).    <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_3 et_pb_column et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_heading_2 et_pb_heading et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_heading_container\"><h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Parkinson's<br><\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_3 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>This is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, in which the motor regions in the brain in particular are damaged. An important characteristic of Parkinson's is the reduced production of dopamine. The microbiome regulates the production of enzymes for dopamine production, and bacteria also produce dopamine themselves, accounting for half of all dopamine in the body (9). Many patients appear to suffer from constipation even before the onset of movement problems (9-11). Constipation occurs in about 80% of patients and is accompanied by accumulation of A-synuclein, damage to intestinal nerves, and increased permeability of the intestinal wall (9,11). Abnormalities in the composition of the microbiome have also been found in Parkinson's, with the amount of a certain bacterial genus correlated with the severity of the movement problems (10). Finally, small intestine bacterial overgrowth is also associated with Parkinson's (9). Although there is strong evidence for a role of the microbiome in Parkinson's, no studies have yet been published on a direct modulation of the microbiome (via probiotics or faecal transplantation, for example).       <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_4 et_pb_column et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_heading_3 et_pb_heading et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_heading_container\"><h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Alzheimer's<\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_4 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>An important hypothesis about the cause of Alzheimer's is that this disease results from accumulation of amyloid plaques. In an animal model, a changed composition of the microbiome was found to contribute to the deposition of amyloid plaques (10). In addition, a different composition of the microbiome has also been found in Alzheimer's patients compared to healthy individuals (12). In the bacterial genera where the abnormalities were greatest, the amount was correlated with the severity of the disease (12). It is remarkable that more and different bacteria have been found in the brains of deceased Alzheimer's patients than in the brains of healthy people (10). In addition, increased levels of endotoxins of bacterial origin (LPS) have been found in the brains of Alzheimer's patients, ranging from 3 times to, in some patients with advanced Alzheimer's, sometimes as much as 26 times as much as in healthy control subjects (13). These substances cause neuroinflammatory responses, similar to the neuroinflammation found in Alzheimer's (14). Finally, a small study on the effect of probiotics in Alzheimer's patients suggests an improvement in cognitive functioning and a reduction in inflammatory factors (7)       <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_5 et_pb_column et-last-child et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_heading_4 et_pb_heading et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_heading_container\"><h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">References<br><\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_5 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>1. Clemente JC, Manasson J, Scher JU. The role of the gut microbiome in systemic inflammatory disease. BMJ. 2018; 360:j5145.     <\/p>\n<p>2. Miyake S, Kim S, Suda W, Oshima K, Nakamura M, Matsuoka T, Chihara N, Tomita A, Sato W, Kim S-W, et al. Dysbiosis in the Gut Microbiota of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis, with a Striking Depletion of Species Belonging to Clostridia XIVa and IV Clusters. PLoS ONE [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2018 May 26];10. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4569432\/    <\/p>\n<p>3. Chen J, Chia N, Kalari KR, Yao JZ, Novotna M, Soldan MMP, Luckey DH, Marietta EV, Jeraldo PR, Chen X, et al. Multiple sclerosis patients have a distinct gut microbiota compared to healthy controls. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 May 26];6. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4921909\/    <\/p>\n<p>4. Cekanaviciute E, Yoo BB, Runia TF, Debelius JW, Singh S, Nelson CA, Kanner R, Bencosme Y, Lee YK, Hauser SL, et al. Gut bacteria from multiple sclerosis patients modulate human T cells and exacerbate symptoms in mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017; 114:10713\u20138.    <\/p>\n<p>5. Branton WG, Lu JQ, Surette MG, Holt RA, Lind J, Laman JD, Power C. Brain microbiota disruption within inflammatory demyelinating lesions in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2018 May 26];6. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5125007\/   <\/p>\n<p>6. Tankou SK, Regev K, Healy BC, Tjon E, Laghi L, Cox LM, Kivis\u00e4kk P, Pierre IV, Lokhande H, Gandhi R, et al. A probiotic modulates the microbiome and immunity in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2018;     <\/p>\n<p>7. Kouchaki E, Tamtaji OR, Salami M, Bahmani F, Daneshvar Kakhaki R, Akbari E, Tajabadi-Ebrahimi M, Jafari P, Asemi Z. Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic supplementation in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr Edinb Scotl. 2017; 36:1245\u20139.    <\/p>\n<p>8. Tankou SK, Regev K, Healy BC, Cox LM, Tjon E, Kivisakk P, Vanande IP, Cook S, Gandhi R, Glanz B, et al. Investigation of probiotics in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Houndmills Basingstoke Engl. 2018; 24:58\u201363.     <\/p>\n<p>9. Parashar A, Udayabanu M. Gut microbiota: Implications in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017; 38:1\u20137.    <\/p>\n<p>10. Kim N, Yun M, Oh YJ, Choi H-J. Mind-altering with the gut: Modulation of the gut-brain axis with probiotics. J Microbiol Seoul Korea. 2018; 56:172\u201382.     <\/p>\n<p>11. Felice VD, Quigley EM, Sullivan AM, O'Keeffe GW, O'Mahony SM. Microbiota-gut-brain signalling in Parkinson's disease: Implications for non-motor symptoms. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; 27:1\u20138.     <\/p>\n<p>12. Vogt NM, Kerby RL, Dill-McFarland KA, Harding SJ, Merluzzi AP, Johnson SC, Carlsson CM, Asthana S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, et al. Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 May 27];7. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5648830\/    <\/p>\n<p>13. Zhao Y, Jaber V, Lukiw WJ. Secretory Products of the Human GI Tract Microbiome and Their Potential Impact on Alzheimer's Disease (AD): Detection of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in AD Hippocampus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 May 27];7. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5504724\/    <\/p>\n<p>14. Lin L, Zheng LJ, Zhang LJ. Neuroinflammation, Gut Microbiome, and Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2018;   <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_section_2 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_flex_section preset--module--divi-section--default\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_row_2 et_pb_row et_flex_row\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_6 et_pb_column et-last-child et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et_flex_column_24_24 et_flex_column_24_24_tablet et_flex_column_24_24_phone\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_heading_5 et_pb_heading et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_heading_container\"><h4 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Agenda<\/h4><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_heading_6 et_pb_heading et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_heading_container\"><h2 class=\"et_pb_module_header\">Knowledge & meetings<\/h2><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_6 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_flex_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Microbiome Center regularly organizes intervisions, webinars and knowledge meetings for doctors and professionals. The sessions are aimed at both healthcare providers who are orienting themselves on microbiome therapy and experienced practitioners who want to deepen their knowledge.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_module et_pb_button_module_wrapper et_pb_button_0_wrapper preset--module--divi-button--default_wrapper\"><a class=\"et_pb_button_0 et_pb_button et_pb_bg_layout_dark et_pb_module et_flex_module button_outline preset--module--divi-button--default\" href=\"https:\/\/microbiome-center.nl\/en\/agenda\/\">View the agenda<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_section_3 et_pb_section et_pb_section--fixed et_section_regular et_flex_section et-interaction-target-zwocqpy6qf preset--module--divi-section--default\" data-interaction-trigger=\"7hv7hq8l9z\" data-interaction-target=\"zwocqpy6qf\" id=\"video_canvas\"><div class=\"et_pb_row_3 et_pb_row et_flex_row\"><div class=\"et_pb_column_7 et_pb_column et-last-child et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et_flex_column_24_24 et_flex_column_24_24_tablet et_flex_column_24_24_phone\"><div class=\"et_pb_icon_0 et_pb_icon et_pb_module et_flex_module video_close\"><span class=\"et_pb_icon_wrap\"><span class=\"et-pb-icon\">\uf057<\/span><\/span><\/div><div class=\"et_pb_code_0 et_pb_code et_pb_module\" id=\"microbiome_center_video_iframe\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","doelgroep":[106],"class_list":["post-225755","aandoeningen","type-aandoeningen","status-publish","hentry","doelgroep-practitioner"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - 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